The spatial hole burning shb has been analyzed in a quarter wavelength shifted dfb laser and a conventional dfb laser. Osa simulation of spectral stabilization of highpower. The second beam is transmitted through a modulator. Mode competition in gas and semiconductor lasers arxiv. Pulsed dye lasers are used to measure shb in the inhomogeneously broadened excitonic absorption bands at low temperatures.
This is known as spectral holeburning curve 2 in fig. Thus it is concluded that both the effects of scattering centres and nonlinear gain are required to model accurately the spectral output of1. Carrier trapping in semiconductor quantum wells is a process of fundamental importance for optoelectronic device applications. By contrast, the gain is always reduced because of spectral hole. A phenomenon occurs in semiconductor lasers that limits the effectiveness of high speed, large scale modulation. Optical efficiency and gain dynamics of modelocked. Us6654394b1 laser frequency stabilizer using transient. Transient and persistent spectral holeburning shb and holefilling phenomena are studied in nanometersize cubr crystals embedded in the borosilicate glass matrix. In a semiconductor laser biased below threshold, the electronhole recombination times are. This version selfconsistently calculates the bulk carrier transport, quantum capture, spectral hole burning, and radiative processes present in quantum well laser diodes. Spectral characteristics of semiconductor lasers spek. Zeijlmans abstracta new and relatively simple expression is given for the optical spectrum of a singlemode semiconductor laser which, due to the presence of relaxation oscillations, consists. An epitaxial structure is grown on a semiconductor substrate, e.
This expression is based on the relation for gain saturation in homoge neously broadened twolevel systems and is not proper for semiconductor lasers with electronic band structures since it does not account for spectral hole burning. Feng, jing 1997 frequency chirp and spectral dynamics in semiconductor lasers. The frequency chirping of a singlemode semiconductor laser in the presence of optical feedback is studied by rateequation analysis. Manybody effects in spectralhole burning for quantumwell lasers l. Homogeneous saturation dominates in a semiconductor laser. We also need expressions for the light coming out of the laser. Introduction for semiconductor lasers the implementation of quantum dot qd active.
A selfconsistent approach to spectral hole burning in. In semiconductor optical amplifiers soas, photons multiplied via stimulated emission. Normally, a diode laser is temperature and current stabilized. Spectral hole burning an overview sciencedirect topics. Rateequation model for multimode semiconductor lasers with spatial hole burning daan lenstra1, and mirvais yousefi2 1photonic integration group, department of electrical engineering, eindhoven university of technology, eindhoven, netherlands 2photonic sensing solutions, amsterdam, netherlands d. We identify spectral hole burning as the main cause of the. The spectral linewidth and phase noise characteristics of singlefrequency semiconductor diode lasers have become quite important for application to such areas as frequency standards, fiber optical sensors, laser gyros, and optical communications. Smaller size and appearance make them good choice for many applications. Only the photons that leave the cavity from the mirrors constitute useful output. Metallonaphthalocyanines demonstrate a nonphotochemical holeburning mechanism that is likely related to rotations of small molecular groups attached to a relatively rigid molecular ring. A simple analytical formula is obtained in the smallsignal regime that shows that the amplitudephasecoupling effect also enhances the chirpreduction ratio and that the. We present a set of rate equations for the modal amplitudes and. The laser is electronically adjusted in response to a detector output from the detector which senses the changes in the modulated second beam after it passes through the transient spectral hole burning material. Spectral hole burning is an ideal technique to unravel the optical and dynamic properties of such hidden species.
The model includes the amplitudephasecoupling and spectralholeburning effects. Study of characteristics of singlefrequency gaasalgaas. Conference proceedings papers presentations journals. Spectral hole burning in naphthalocyanines derivatives in.
Dynamic properties of quantum dot distributed feedback lasers. Two basic requirements must be met for the phenomenon to be observed. The model has led us to a new understanding of frequency chirp in dfb lasers and discovery of the ultra small chirp lasers. These materials exhibit a strong 00 absorption band in the region 800 nm matching the wavelength range of most semiconductor diode lasers and ti. Rateequation model for multimode semiconductor lasers. Carrier density depinning above threshold in semiconductor. Then the second beam is transmitted through a transient spectral hole burning material onto a detector. Spectral hole burning in naphthalocyanines derivatives in the. The instantaneous linewidth for these lasers is 200 khz, and we observe a heterodyne linewidth between the two lasers of 4 mhz for an integration time of 500 ms. Asada, intraband relaxation time in quant umwell lasers, ieee j.
Lew yan voon department of physics, wright state university, dayton, ohio 45435, usa. Temperature and spatial hole burning effects in semiconductor. Nov 21, 2016 spectral hole burning, used in inhomogeneously broadened emitters, is a wellestablished optical 1 technique, with applications from spectroscopy to slow light 2 and frequency combs 3. Highresolution spectral hole burning in ingaasgaas. Spectral hole burning is related to the gain profile broadening mechanisms such as short intraband scattering which is related to power density. Manybody effects in spectralhole burning for quantumwell. From cost point of view the semiconductor lasers are economical.
Spectral hole burning is the frequencyselective bleaching of the absorption spectrum of a material, which leads to an increased transmission a spectral hole at the selected frequency. Spectral hole burning we construct the rate equations for an inhomogeneous line following the example of a single mode laser from refs. Aug 28, 2009 spectral hole burning is an ideal technique to unravel the optical and dynamic properties of such hidden species. Spectral characteristics of semiconductor lasers spek in this chapter we discuss the spectral characteristics of semiconductor lasers. Spectral signature of relaxation oscillations in semiconductor lasers m. Index termsselffocusing, selfpulsation sp, semiconductor lasers, spectralhole burning, waveguide. Simulating spatial and spectral hole burning and the. A selfconsistent approach to spectral hole burning in quantum wire lasers lgor vurgaftman and jasprit singh department of electrical engineering and computer science, the university of michigan, ann arbor, michigan 481092122 received 12 may 1993. After several years of both theoretical and experimental research a. Efficient spectral holeburning and atomic frequency comb. Spatial and spectral brightness enhancement of high power semiconductor lasers by jordan palmer leidner submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree doctor of philosophy supervised by professor john r. Wavelength chirp and dependence of carrier temperature on. Effects of carrier heating and spectral hole burning on the depinning of the carrier density above threshold in semiconductor lasers are theoretically investigated. Optical efficiency and gain dynamics of modelocked semiconductor disk lasers c.
Semiconductor lasrra, lasers the modulation response and the spectral linewidth of sin glemode semiconductor lasers are analysed by taking into account the nonlinear gain and the nonlinear refractive index in the rate equations. This expression is based on the relation for gain saturation in homoge neously broadened twolevel systems and is not proper for semiconductor lasers with electronic band structures since. Understanding laser stabilization using spectral hole burning. This technique permits simultaneous measurement of the femtosecond dynamics and spectral dependence of transient gain in semiconductor lasers. Spectral hole burning, used in inhomogeneously broadened emitters, is a wellestablished optical 1 technique, with applications from spectroscopy to slow light.
To account for gain compression due to the high power densities in semiconductor lasers, the gain equation is modified such that it becomes related to the inverse of the optical power. Laser frequency stabilization to spectral hole burning. Persistent spectral hole burning is studied for several freebased and metallonaphthalocyanine derivatives in polymer hosts. Femtosecond investigations of spectral hole burning in.
Rateequation model for multimode semiconductor lasers with. Introduction for semiconductor lasers the implementation of quantum dot qd active regions is a natural next step after the success of quantum well qw heterostructures because. Spectral characteristics of semiconductor diode lasers. The spectral holeburning is observed in the case of inhomogeneous spectrum broadening. The authors find that the magnitude of this depinning is proportional to the sum of the nonlinear gain coefficients due to injection heating, stimulated recombination heating, free. While in standard semiconductor lasers carrier diffusion eliminates spatial hole burning, in qcls the gain recovery process is faster than carrier diffusion, and spatial hole burning is dominant, favoring multimode operation. Carlsten, semiconductor lasers stabilized to spectral holes in rare earth. Spectral hole burning and carriercarrier interaction in semiconductor quantum well lasers. Sugiyama et al spectral hole burning memory using inas selfassembled quantum dots with or larger than the radiative recombination rate in the qds, we can expect to see a spectral hole appear in i read. Spatial and spectral brightness enhancement of high power. Pdf persistent infrared spectral hole burning of impurity. These stabilized lasers provide ideal sources for spectral hole burning applications based on.
Pdf analysis of frequency chirping of semiconductor lasers in the. Spectral hole burning how is spectral hole burning. A selfconsistent approach to spectral hole burning in quantum wire lasers lgor vurgaftman and jasprit singh. Relaxation oscillations are dampened and optical pulse fall times are increased due to the reduction.
This paper presents a detailed study of multimode regimes in qcls. This phenomenom is spectral hole burning, which is responsible for optical gain reduction at high optical output levels. Zeijlmans abstracta new and relatively simple expression is given for the optical spectrum of a singlemode semiconductor laser which, due to. A persistent spectral holeburning phenomenon in nanometersize semiconductor microcrystals nanocrystals, namely, cdse, cds0. Spectral holeburning and nonlineargain decrease in a bandtolevel transition semiconductor laser. Frequency chirp and spectral dynamics in semiconductor lasers. A low noise dc bias stage provided continuous manual tuning. The interaction between the atomic medium and the phase. Spectral hole burning and its application in microwave.
However, when the gain saturation resulting from spectral hole burning is included. Lassen mads clausen institute, university of southern denmark, dk6040 sonderborg, denmark. Dynamic properties of quantum dot distributed feedback. Minilase is used to investigate the effects of carrier capture and spectral hole burning on the modulation response and to determine their relative significance. In order to characterize the spectral hole burning, linke and. Techniques for stabilizing a laser at a selectable frequency include splitting an output beam from an electrically adjustable laser into a first beam and a second beam. In soas photons were confined in the dimensions transverse to the.
Here, the principles of spectral hole burning hb and the experimental setup used in its continuous wave cw and timeresolved versions are described. Freebase molecules exhibit the regular proton phototautomerisation mechanism of hole burning. Therefore, the dip represents the formation of a spectral hole. The factor represents spectral hole burning effects and causes a small gain suppression 15. Optical efficiency and gain dynamics of modelocked semiconductor disk lasers. Spectral hole burning memory using inas selfassembled. Optimization of dfb semiconductor laser diode optical. This is the first book on tunable external cavity semiconductor diode lasers, providing an uptodate survey on the physics, technology, and performance of widely applicable coherent radiation sources of tunable external cavity diode lasers. An investigation of spectral hole burning effects is reported in the gain region of ingaasalgaas strained. The spectral dynamics and high speed response of uncooled dfb lasers have been studied. Theoretical analysis of the frequency chirp in the dfb lasers has been used to support our experimental results. Pdf effect of injectioncurrent fluctuations on the spectral linewidth.
The effects of temperature and spatial hole burning are investigated in longwavelength inpbased lasers and integrated optical devices, including fabryperot fp lasers, distributedfeedback dfb lasers, and integrated electroabsorption modulator with dfb lasers eml. Influence of injectioncurrent noise on the spectral. Advanced photonics journal of applied remote sensing. Spectral holeburning and nonlineargain decrease in a bandto. High power edge emitting semiconductor lasers are formed to emit with very narrow spectral width at precisely selected wavelengths. Manybody effects in spectralhole burning for quantum. Theory of nonlinear gain due to spectral hole burning in. A persistent spectral hole burning phenomenon in nanometersize semiconductor microcrystals nanocrystals, namely, cdse, cds0. Such behavior was not observed with the reference sample. Marciante the institute of optics arts, sciences and engineering edmund a. Transient and persistent spectral hole burning shb and hole filling phenomena are studied in nanometersize cubr crystals embedded in the borosilicate glass matrix. Highresolution spectral hole burning in ingaasgaas quantum dots. Analysis of frequency chirping of semiconductor lasers in. The authors find that the magnitude of this depinning is proportional to the sum of the nonlinear gain coefficients due to injection heating, stimulated recombination heating, free carrier absorption heating, and spectral hole burning.
Pdf persistent spectral hole burning in semiconductor. Frequency chirp and spectral dynamics in semiconductor lasers citation. Introduction s elfpulsation sp is the term commonly used to describe the pulsed emission obtained from certain laser diodes when operated under dc bias. Ca2329416a1 narrow spectral width high power distributed. The effect of current fluctuations on the linewidth of semiconductor lasers is. The simulation of spectral stabilization of broadarea edgeemitting semiconductor diode lasers is presented in this paper. Semiconductor lasers types, applications, construction. The characteristics of singlefrequency gaasalgaas ridge lasers with a single quantum well and a fabry. Osa analysis of frequency chirping of semiconductor lasers.
The implications of gain saturation on the dynamic response of semiconductor lasers are discussed together with the possibility of experimental verification. In actual lasers many modes compete, and this case has been considered by casperson 6. Performance limitation and mitigation of longitudinal spatial hole. In the reported model light, temperature and charge carrierdistributions are solved iteratively in frequency domain for transverse slices along the semiconductor heterostructure using wideangle finitedifference beam propagation. Homogeneous saturation dominates in a semiconductor laser, since equilibrium within the conduction and valence band is achieved very fast time constant. The laser is electronically adjusted in response to a detector output. The gain and carrier density in semiconductor lasers under. A schematic illustration of the hole burning in the emissionamplification spectrum of the laser active medium. The rate equation models in this paper can be easily generalized to consider multiple lasing modes. Here an analytical theory for pounddreverhall laser frequency stabilization using spectral hole burning is developed. Spectral hole burning how is spectral hole burning abbreviated. Spectral holeburning and carrierheating dynamics in. Theoretical description of laser stabilization using spectral hole burning.
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